State vs Event: είναι γραμμένο vs έχει γραφτεί

Two constructions look alike but say different things. είναι + participle names a STATE - the situation you can see right now: «Το φαγητό είναι ετοιμασμένο» (the food is ready - it sits there prepared). έχει + the perfect passive (Module 19) names the EVENT that produced it: «Το φαγητό έχει ετοιμαστεί» (the food has been prepared - the preparing happened). The participle (ετοιμασμένο) is an adjective describing how things ARE; the perfect passive (έχει ετοιμαστεί) is a verb reporting what HAPPENED. Often both are true at once - «Τα πιάτα είναι πλυμένα» (state) because «Τα πιάτα έχουν πλυθεί» (event) - but choose είναι + participle when you mean the visible result, and έχει + -εί when you mean the completed action. Reading the difference is reading the meaning.